The 80286 introduced "Protected Mode" in 1982. It was not popular. The mode was difficult to use, lacked paging, and offered no way to return to real mode without a hardware reset. The 80386, arriving three years later, made protection usable -- adding paging, a flat 32-bit address space, per-page User/Supervisor control, and Virtual 8086 mode so that DOS programs could run inside a protected multitasking system. These features made possible Windows 3.0, OS/2, and early Linux.
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4In 2007, Barrangou et al. demonstrated for the first time the function of CRISPR/Cas9 as a defensive mechanism of bacteria against bacteriophage attacks by a technique called “plaquing” which builds upon the technique of “plating” bacteria on agar. Plaques of viruses on agar are areas without growth of bacteria due to viral attacks.